About Electric Controller

What Is Electric Vehicle Controller

An electric vehicle controller is a core control device used to manage the starting, running, forward and reverse motion, speed, stopping, and other electronic devices of an electric vehicle. It functions like the brain of the electric vehicle and is a crucial component. Electric vehicles mainly include electric bicycles, electric two-wheel motorcycles, electric tricycles, electric three-wheel motorcycles, electric four-wheel vehicles, and battery cars. The performance and characteristics of electric vehicle controllers vary according to different types of vehicles.

Functions of the Motor Controller

• Driving the Motor: The controller drives the motor by controlling the current.
• Speed Adjustment: Under the control of the throttle, the motor driving current is adjusted to change the motor speed.
• Brake Control: Under the control of the brake lever, the output current is cut off to achieve braking control.
• Battery Voltage Detection: It monitors the battery voltage and, when the battery voltage approaches the "discharge termination voltage," it displays a low battery warning through the controller panel or instrument display to remind the rider to adjust their trip. When the termination voltage is reached, a signal is sent to the comparator via a sampling resistor, and the circuit outputs a protection signal. This signal triggers the protection circuit to issue a command to cut off the current, thus protecting the charger and battery.
• Overcurrent Protection: When the current is too high, the overcurrent protection circuit activates, causing the motor to stop to avoid damage to the motor and controller. Additionally, some controllers have anti-flywheel protection, cruising speed limit, and other features.

Classification of Motor Controllers

Electric vehicle controllers can be classified into two types based on their structure: separated and integrated.

 1.Separated:

The controller body and display part are separate. The display part is mounted on the handlebar, while the controller body is hidden in the vehicle's compartment or electric box, not exposed. This setup shortens the wiring distance between the controller, power source, and motor, making the vehicle appearance more streamlined.

  2.Integrated:

The control part and display part are combined into one unit, housed in a refined special plastic box. This box is installed in the center of the handlebar, with several small holes (diameter 4-5mm) on the panel, covered with a transparent waterproof film. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are placed in the corresponding positions inside the holes to indicate speed, power, and remaining battery level.